Michael E. Gray

Mike Gray, International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane, Australia, 2004.

Education

Extension

I am a Professor of Agricultural Entomology with a 50% extension, 25% research, and 25% administrative appointment. My primary extension responsibilities include advising producers throughout Illinois of potential economic insect infestations to field and forage crops and offering effective management recommendations. I am a regular contributor of articles for the Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin (http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/pest/). As Interim Assistant Dean, I provide leadership for Extension programs in the Agriculture and Natural Resources arenas.

Joshua Heeren is conducting research on the interaction of soybean aphid and soybean cyst nematode as related to soybean growth and yield.

Teaching

On nine different occasions, I have co-taught Fundamentals of Insect Pest Management, CpSc 479, with other faculty members. This course is offered through the Off-Campus Graduate Studies Program and is designed to enable students who are working full-time to complete a graduate degree. I also have taught Management of Field Crop Insects, CpSc 473 twice on campus. I have served as advisor or co-advisor for several graduate students including: Matthew E. O’Neal (M.S., May 1998), Silvia Ivette Rondon (Ph.D., May 2002), Erica Carlson (M.S., summer 2003), Christopher Pierce (Ph.D., December 2003), Randall Wright (M.S., December 2003), Jared Schroeder (M.S., May 2005), Darren Bakken (M.S., May 2006), and Joshua Heeren (M.S., May 2008).

Research

Numerous western corn rootworm adults in sweep net sample from soybean field in east central Illinois.

My primary research thrust is aimed at improving the management of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, arguably the most important insect pest of corn in the United States. Since the mid-1990s, my students and I have focused our research on improving our understanding of the ecology of a variant of the western corn rootworm. The long term ovipositional fidelity to cornfields has been broken by this variant and egg laying now occurs in the soil of several crops, most notably soybeans. Consequently, the cultural practice of crop rotation no longer serves as an effective management tactic for this species in many areas of the eastern Corn Belt of the United States. The use of soil insecticides and transgenic Bt corn hybrids is now common place on rotated and non-rotated corn acres where the variant western corn rootworm has become established. In addition to our ecological investigations, my colleagues and I evaluate the root protection afforded by different transgenic corn rootworm Bt hybrids, soil insecticides, and seed treatments each year at multiple locations throughout Illinois. In the early 1990s, the western corn rootworm began to infest cornfields in several European countries. Collaboration with entomologists in Europe has increased considerably during the past decade regarding the biology, ecology, and management of western corn rootworms.

European and U.S. entomologists collaborating on western corn rootworm research, Nice, France, 2007.

In 2008, I began serving as a Program Leader within the Energy and Biosciences Institute (EBI). The objective of this specific EBI Program is to evaluate the potential for pests to reduce the biomass of perennial grasses such as switchgrass and Miscanthus.

Entomological Society of America Activities

• Program Chair, 1994 Annual Meeting of the North Central Branch of the ESA, Springfield, Illinois
• Editorial Board, American Entomologist, 1990-94, Chair, 1995
• Executive Committee, North Central Branch of the ESA, 1994-97
• Editor, Journal of Economic Entomology, 1995-97
• Co-Editor, ESA, Handbook of Corn Insects
• Editor, Postmarked: Extension, USA Column, American Entomologist, 2002-05
• Insect Pest Handbook Editorial Committee, ESA, 1997-2000
• Program, Co-Chair, National Meeting of the ESA, San Diego, CA, 2001
• President, North Central Branch, ESA, 2002-03
• ESA, Governing Board Representative, Section E, August 2004-05
• ESA, Vice-President Elect (2006), Vice-President (2007), President (2008)

Publications

Selected Book Chapters

• Gray, M.E. & W.H. Luckmann. 1994. Integrating the cropping system for corn insect pest management. Chapter 12, pages 507-541 in Introduction to Insect Pest Management. R.L. Metcalf & W.H. Luckmann [eds.], John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY.
• Steffey, K.L., M.E. Gray & L.G. Higley. 1994. Introduction to identification and diagnosis of injury. Pages 17-34 in ESA Handbook of Soybean Insect Pests. Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.
• Gray, M.E., E. Levine & H. Oloumi-Sadeghi. 1998. Adaptation to crop rotation: western and northern corn rootworms respond uniquely to a cultural practice. Volume 2, pages 19-31 in Recent Res. Developments in Entomology. S.G. Pandalai [ed.], Research Signpost, Trivandrum, India.
• Steffey, K.L., M.E. Rice & M.E. Gray. 1999. Identification of insects and diagnosis of injury. Pages 22-43 in Handbook of Corn Insects, K.L. Steffey, M.E. Rice, J. All, D.A. Andow, M.E. Gray & J.W. Van Duyn [eds.], Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.
• Gray, M.E. 2002. Crop rotations (insects and mites). Pages 169-171 in Encyclopedia of Pest Management. (ed.) David Pimentel, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY (ISBN 0-8247-0632-0).
• Gerber, C.K., C.R. Edwards, L.W. Bledsoe, M.E. Gray, K.L. Steffey & L.D. Chandler. 2005. Application of the areawide concept using semiochemical-based insecticide baits for managing the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) variant in the eastern Midwest. Pages 221-238. In Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology and Management. (Eds.) S. Vidal,  U. Kuhlman & C.R. Edwards. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, (ISBN 0-85-199-817- 8).

Journal Articles on Corn Rootworms

• Gray, M.E., J.R. Coats & J.J. Tollefson. 1984. Effect of an insecticide and a herbicide combination on corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) damage. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 465-467.
• Gray, M.E. & J.J. Tollefson. 1987. Influence of tillage and western and northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) egg populations on larval populations and root damage. J. Econ. Entomol. 80: 911-915.
• Gray, M.E. & J.J. Tollefson. 1988. Survival of the western and northern corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in different tillage systems throughout the growing season. J.Econ. Entomol. 81: 178-183.
• Gray, M.E. & J.J. Tollefson. 1988. Emergence of the western and northern corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from four tillage systems. J. Econ. Entomol. 81: 1398-1403.
• Gray, M.E. & J.J. Tollefson. 1988. Influence of tillage systems on western and northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) egg populations. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 61: 186-194.
• Boetel, M.A., D.D. Walgenbach, G.L. Hein, B.W. Fuller & M.E. Gray. 1992. Oviposition site selection of the northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 246-249.
• Gray, M.E., A.S. Felsot, K.L. Steffey & E. Levine. 1992. Planting time application of soil insecticides and western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) emergence: implications for long-term management programs. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 544-553.
• Gray, M.E., G.L. Hein, M.A. Boetel & D.D. Walgenbach. 1992. Western and northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) egg densities at three soil depths: implications for future ecological studies. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 65: 354-356.
• Steffey, K.L., M.E. Gray & D.E. Kuhlman. 1992. Extent of corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval damage in corn after soybeans: search for the expression of the prolonged diapause trait in Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 268-275.
• Gray, M.E., K.L. Steffey & H. Oloumi-Sadeghi. 1993. Participatory on-farm research in Illinois cornfields: an evaluation of established soil insecticide rates and prevalence of corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) injury. J. Econ. Entomol. 86: 1473-1482.
• Levine, E. & M.E. Gray. 1994. Use of cucurbitacin vial traps to predict corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injury in a subsequent crop of corn. J. Entomol. Sci. 29: 590-600.
• Gray, M.E. & K.L. Steffey. 1995. On-farm validation of pherocon AM trap utility for corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): outlook for producer acceptance in Illinois. J. Sustainable Agriculture VII, Issue 2/3: 121-135.
• Buhler, W., C.R. Edwards, L.W. Bledsoe, C. Gerber, M.E. Gray & K.L. Steffey. 1998. Areawide pest management of western corn rootworm in Indiana and Illinois - turning the first corner. Pflanzenschutzberichte: Band 57 Heft 2: 69-74.
• Gray, M.E. & K.L. Steffey. 1998. Corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injury and root compensation of 12 maize hybrids: an assessment of the economic injury index. J. Econ. Entomol. 91: 723-740.
• O'Neal, M.E., M.E. Gray & C.A. Smyth. 1999. Population characteristics of a western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) strain in east-central Illinois corn and soybean fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 92: 1301-1310.
• O'Neal, M.E., M.E. Gray, S. Ratcliffe & K.L. Steffey. 2001. Predicting western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injury to rotated corn with Pherocon AM traps in soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(1): 98-105.
• Onstad, D.W., C.A. Guse, J.L. Spencer, E. Levine & M.E. Gray. 2001. Modeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic corn by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94(2): 529-540.
• Levine, E., J.L. Spencer, S.A. Isard, D.W. Onstad & M.E. Gray. 2002. Adaptation of the western corn rootworm to crop rotation: evolution of a new strain in response to a management practice. Am. Entomol. 48(2): 94-107.
• Onstad, D.W., D.W. Crowder, S.A. Isard, E. Levine, J.L. Spencer, M.E. O'Neal, S.T. Ratcliffe, M.E. Gray, L.W. Bledsoe, C.D. DiFonzo, J.B. Eisley, and C.R. Edwards. 2003. Does landscape diversity slow the spread of rotation-resistant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)? Environ. Entomol. 32(5): 992-1001.
• Onstad, D.W., D.W. Crowder, P.D. Mitchell, C.A. Guse, J.L. Spencer, E. Levine, and M.E. Gray. 2003. Economics versus alleles: balancing integrated pest management and insect resistance management for rotation-resistant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96(6): 1872-1885.
• Rondon, S.I., and M.E. Gray. 2003. Captures of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults with Pherocon AM and vial traps in four crops in east central Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 96(3): 737-747.
• Mitchell, P.D., M.E. Gray, and K.L. Steffey. 2004. A composed-error model for estimating pest-damage functions and the impact of the western corn rootworm soybean variant in Illinois. American Journal of Agricultural Economics: 86(2): 332-344.
• Rondon, S.I., and M.E. Gray. 2004. Ovarian development and ovipositional preference of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) variant in east central Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 97(2): 390-396.
• Crowder, D.W., D.W. Onstad, M.E. Gray, C.M.F. Pierce, A.G. Hager, S.T. Ratcliffe, and K.L. Steffey. 2005. Analysis of the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic corn and crop rotation by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using a daily time-step model. J. Econ. Entomol. 98(2): 534-551.
• Crowder, D.W., D.W. Onstad, M.E. Gray, P.D. Mitchell, J.L. Spencer, and R.J. Brazee. 2005. Economic analysis of dynamic management strategies utilizing transgenic corn for control of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 98(3): 961-975.
• Kaster, L.V., and M.E. Gray. 2005. European corn borers and western corn rootworms: old and new invasive maize pests challenge farmers on European and North American continents. Maydica. 50:235-245. (Commemorative 50th Anniversary IPublication).
• Schroeder, J.B., S.T. Ratcliffe, and M.E. Gray. 2005. Effect of four cropping systems on variant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adult and egg densities and subsequent larval injury in rotated maize. J. Econ. Entomol. 98(5): 1587-1593.
• Crowder, D.W., D.W. Onstad, and M.E. Gray. 2006. Planting transgenic insecticidal corn based on economic thresholds: consequences for integrated pest management and insect resistance management. J. Econ. Entomol. 99(3): 899-907.
• Pierce, C.M.F. & M.E. Gray.  2006. Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), oviposition: a variant’s response to maize phenology. Environ. Entomol. 35(2): 423-434.
• Pierce, C.M.F. & M.E. Gray. 2006. Seasonal oviposition of a western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), variant in east central Illinois commercial maize and soybean fields. Environ. Entomol. 35(3): 676-683.
• Schroeder, J.B., M.E. Gray, S.T. Ratcliffe, R.E. Estes, and S.P. Long. 2006. Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on a variant of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 35(3): 637-644.
• Gray, M.E., K.L. Steffey, R.E. Estes, and J.B. Schroeder. 2007. Responses of transgenic maize hybrids to variant western corn rootworm larval injury. J. Appl. Entomol. 131(6): 386-390. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01171.x.
• Pierce, C.M.F. & M.E. Gray. 2007. Population dynamics of a western corn rootworm(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) variant in east central Illinois commercial maize and soybean fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 100(4):  1104-1115.

Selected Peer-Reviewed Articles on IPM/Extension Programs

• Steffey, K.L. & M.E. Gray. 1992. Extension-research synergism: enhancing the continuum from discovery to delivery. Am. Entomol. 38: 204-205.
• Gray, M.E. & C.R. Edwards. 1993. Role of the Extension specialist in developing a crop management system. Am. Entomol. 39: 204-205.
• Gray, M.E. 1994. Identifying our ESA clientele: can they identify us? Amer. Entomol. 40: 200-201.
• Czapar, G.F., M.P. Curry & M.E. Gray. 1995. Survey of integrated pest management practices in central Illinois. J. Prod. Agric. 8: 483-486.
• Gray, M.E. 1995. Status of CES-IPM programs: results of a national IPM coordinators survey. Am. Entomol. 41: 136-138.
• Gray, M.E. & K.L. Steffey. 1998. Status of extension entomology programs: a national assessment. Am. Entomol. 44: 9-13.
• Gray, M.E. 2001. The role of extension in promoting IPM programs. Amer. Entomol. 47(3): 134-137.
• Ratcliffe, S.T., and M.E. Gray. 2004. Will the USDA IPM Centers and the National IPM Roadmap increase IPM accountability? – Responses to the 2001 General Accounting Office Report. Am. Entomol. 50(1): 6-9.

Selected Conference Proceedings, Crop Protection Technology Conference

• Gray, M.E., G. Pepper & J. Fredericks. 1989. The spider mite outbreak of 1988: did we learn enough to improve our decision-making capabilities? Pages 31-40, in Proc. Ill. Agricultural Pesticides Conf. '89. Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
  View article - PDF File
• Gray, M., K. Steffey & K. Kinney. 1990. Corn rootworm soil insecticides: are the current application rates necessary? Pages 35-52, in Proc. Ill. Agricultural Pesticides Conf. '90. Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M., K. Steffey & H. Oloumi-Sadeghi. 1991. On-farm research trials in Illinois: how effective were the reduced rates of soil insecticides for corn rootworm control? Pages 32-46, in Proc. Ill. Agricultural Pestic. Conf. '91. Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E., K.L. Steffey & H. Oloumi-Sadeghi. 1992. The wisdom of using soil insecticides for corn rootworm control at any rate. Pages 132-144, in Proc. Ill. Agricultural Pesticides Conf. '92. Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E. & K.L. Steffey. 1993. The use of pherocon-AM traps as a management tool for corn rootworms: results from on farm research in 1992. Pages 31-36, in Proc. Ill. Agricultural Pesticides Conf. '93. Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E. & K.L. Steffey. 1994. Rootworms and risk: Has the threat been exaggerated?, pp. 45-49. In Proc. Ill. Agric. Pesticides Conf., Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E. 1995. Areawide pest management for corn rootworms: fantasy or realistic expectations? pp. 101-106. In Proc. Ill. Agric. Pesticides Conf., Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Levine, E., & M.E. Gray. 1996. First-year corn rootworm injury: east-central Illinois research progress to date and recommendation for 1996. pp. 3-13. In Proc. Ill. Agric. Pesticides Conf., Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• O'Neal, M., M. Gray, J. Spencer, K. Steffey & E. Levine. 1997. Western corn rootworms in corn after soybeans: efforts towards an economic threshold. pp. 66-72. In Proc. Ill. Agric. Pesticides Conf., Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Buhler, W., C.R. Edwards, L. Bledsoe, M.E. Gray & K.L. Steffey. 1998. Areawide management of corn rootworms: turning the first corner. pp. 142-144. In Proc. Ill. Agric. Pesticides Conf., Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E. & K.L. Steffey. 1998. Soil insecticides and root protection: a sure thing, or a roll of the dice each season? pp. 24-28. In Proc. Ill. Agric. Pesticides Conf., Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• O'Neal, M.E., M.E. Gray, K.L. Steffey & J.T. Shaw. 1998. A preliminary threshold for western corn rootworms monitored in soybeans: a new management tool in the protection of first-year corn. pp. 3-9. In Proc. Ill. Agric. Pesticides Conf., Ill. Coop. Ext. Serv., Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gerber, C., C.R. Edwards, L. Bledsoe, M.E. Gray & K.L. Steffey. 1999. Areawide management of corn rootworms: was 1998 a success? pp. 37-39. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E. 1999. Transgenic insecticidal cultivars for corn rootworms: resistance management considerations. pp. 50-58. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• O'Neal, M.E., M.E. Gray, K.L. Steffey & J.T. Shaw. 1999. Update on western corn rootworm on-farm research efforts in east central Illinois. pp. 28-36. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Steffey, K.L. & M.E. Gray. 1999. Spraying soybeans for rootworm management: our stance. pp. 45-49. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E. 2000. Prescriptive use of transgenic hybrids for corn rootworms: an ominous cloud on the horizon? pp. 97-103. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Ratcliffe, S., M. Gray, M. O'Neal & K. Steffey. 2000. Western corn rootworms in soybeans: is an adjustment in the economic threshold necessary? pp. 56-61. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E. 2001.Transgenic insecticidal cultivars for corn rootworms: meeting the challenges of resistance management. pp. 36-41. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• K. Steffey, M. Gray & J. Shaw 2001. Secondary or Primary Insects? Will Grape Colaspis and Companions Change Our Management Strategies in Corn? pp 121-126. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Steffey, K.L., M.E. Gray & J.T. Shaw. 2002. Western corn rootworms: strange tales in 2001 and management options for 2002 (and beyond). pp. 50-57. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E., J. Schroeder & K.L. Steffey. 2003. Japanese beetles and western corn rootworms: old insect foes present new challenges. pp. 77-85. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E., & K.L. Steffey. 2005. Transgenic YieldGard rootworm hybrid stumbles in Urbana experiment: Why? pp. 41-46. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Steffey, K., M. Gray, & R. Estes. 2005. Insecticidal seed treatments and soil insecticides for corn rootworm control. pp. 35-40. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E., K.L. Steffey, R. Estes, J.B. Schroeder, & D.M. Bakken. 2006. Transgenic corn rootworm hybrids, soil insecticides, and seed treatments: does anything work on the variant western corn rootworm? pp. 54-61. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Steffey, K., & M. Gray. 2006. The day after yesterday: insect and mite management in 2005, with expectations for 2006. pp. 21-25. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Steffey, K., M. Gray, R. Estes, J. Schroeder, D. Bakken, D. Schaefer, and G. Roskamp. 2006. Twospotted spider mites: case study in soybean pest management. pp. 85-95. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E., K.L. Steffey, R.E. Estes, and J.B. Schroeder. 2007. Transgenic corn rootworm hybrids: assessing performance in a variant western corn rootworm arena. pp. 84-92. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Steffey, K.L., and M.E. Gray. 2007. Lessons from a “quiet” 2006 season – what lies ahead? pp. 16-20. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Steffey, K.L., M.E. Gray, J.B. Schroeder, and R.E. Estes. 2007. Seed-applied insecticides, soil insecticides, and Bt corn: their roles in corn production. pp. 93-98. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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• Gray, M.E., D.W. Onstad. 2008. Increasing corn acres and prophylactic use of Bt hybrids: implications for IPM and IRM. pp. 47-50. In Proc. Ill. Crop Protection Technology Conf., Univ. Illinois Extension, Urbana-Champaign.
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